Choosing, Using, and Citing Research, Resources, and Visual Media
Chicago Manual of Style
Normally, Cultivate Learning projects follow the APA citation format. However, many project sponsors, including the Office of Head Start, request citations in the Chicago Manual of Style (CMS or Chicago, for short) format. The section explains the two different types of Chicago citation styles (notes-bibliography and author-date) and offers several examples in both styles.
Primary References
A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers, 9th Edition, Kate L. Turabian
Chicago Manual of Style, 17th Edition[ 1] online
Cultivate Learning staff can access the subscription at chicagomanualofstyle.org:
Username: CultivateLearning Password: huskies
Specific Chicago sections that are helpful:
Chapter 14 for notes-bibliography and Chapter 15 for author-date
Notes-bibliography sample citations
Author-date sample citations
Understanding Chicago style notes-bibliography (a CMS Shop Talk article)
Notes-Bibliography Style
Summary: In notes-bibliography style (also called just “notes” style), after you have used a quotation or referred to an idea from a source, you add a superscript number following the quote or idea: like this.1 Then you make a “note”—either a footnote at the bottom of the page, or an endnote at the end of the document—that gives the publication facts from that source.
Here is more information from Chicago: 14.2 Chicago’s two systems of source citation
Cultivate projects usually ask for endnotes, rather than footnotes. The endnotes are placed at the end of the document and are listed by number, not alphabetically. They match up with the numbers of the superscripts in the document.
Sometimes a project also includes a bibliography, which is why it’s called “notes-bibliography” style. The bibliography should include all the sources listed in the endnotes. It might also list other sources that you didn’t directly refer to in the superscripts but that need to be credited. Bibliographies are listed alphabetically, in order of author’s last name.
Note: Not all projects will ask for a separate bibliography. They might ask only for the superscript in-text numbers and then a page of endnotes. It will depend on each project.
The reason we get requests for this style is to improve readability and streamline the document. The superscript numbers in notes-bibliography style take up less space in the text than the author-date system, which puts the author’s last name and date of publication in parentheses as the in-text citation. Parenthetical citations like these can distract readers from the content and add length to documents.
For details on how to format citations and endnotes for notes-bibliography, see below.
How to Use and Format Notes-Bibliography Style
For instructions on where to place notes and the surrounding punctuation, see CMS 14.26.
How to format citations (usually in endnotes, but might sometimes be in footnotes)
Here is general guidance, per CMS 14.20:
A footnote or endnote generally lists the author, title, and facts of publication, in that order. Elements are separated by comma; the facts of publication are enclosed in parentheses. Authors’ names are presented in standard order (first name first). Titles are capitalized headline-style (see 8.159). . . . Titles of larger works (e.g., books and journals) are italicized; titles of smaller works (e.g., chapters, articles) or unpublished works are presented in roman and enclosed in quotation marks (see 8.163). Terms such as editor / edited by, . . . volume, and edition are abbreviated.
If a full citation has already been given in a footnote or the endnotes but that work is cited again later, it isn’t necessary to write the full citation again. Instead, you can use a shortened citation. See CMS 14.30 for more explanation and examples. Note: Each CMS page linked below gives examples of shortened citations.
For at-a-glance examples that show multiple types of citations, see the following:
Notes and Bibliography: Sample Citations
14.23: Notes and bibliography—examples and variations
For more detailed citation help, see the following:
Books
See CMS 14.100 for details on elements to include when citing a book.
The list below links to the specific Chicago section for examples on different types of citations, such as books, journals, etc., with variations on each one.
Each Chicago page gives an example of a full note citation, then a shortened citation (which you use if you’ve already listed the full details once in the footnote or endnote), and then the bibliography entry (if needed).
Book with one author:
- 1. Barbara Rogoff, The Cultural Nature of Human Development (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2003), 65.
- For more examples, see CMS 14.101
Book with an editor instead of an author: See CMS 14.103
Book with an author and editor: See CMS 14.104
Chapter in a book by one author: See CMS 14.106
Chapter in a book by more than one author: See CMS 14.107
Book editions, other than the first: See CMS 14.113
Facts of publication (place, publisher, and date): See CMS 14.127
- For specifics on when to list a state, along with a city, see CMS 14.103
Page numbers:
·IMPORTANT: Please make sure page number ranges use the en dash, not a hyphen.
Example: use 45–70, not 45-70
·For citing a range of page numbers, see CMS 14.148
For other variations on book citations, the easiest way to find what you need is to go to the Chapter 14 overview, scroll down to the “Books” section in red, browse that long list until you find the specific situation you’re searching for, and click on the heading title. This will take you to the example citations page.
Government Reports
Report from a Government Website
For more details and examples on papers, contracts, reports, etc., see CMS 14.220.
1. U. S. Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights, An Overview of Exclusionary Discipline Practices in Public Schools for the 2017-18 School Year (Washington, DC: June 2021), https://ocrdata.ed.gov/assets/downloads/crdc-exclusionary-school-discipline.pdf.
Journals
Journal Article with One Author
1. Jaclyn Murray, “Learning to Live Together: An Exploration and Analysis of Managing Cultural Diversity in Centre-Based Early Childhood Development Programmes,” Intercultural Education 23, no. 2 (2018): 89–103.
Journal Article with Two Authors
1. Mariana Souto-Manning and Christina Hanson Mitchell. “The Role of Action Research in Fostering Culturally-Responsive Practices in a Preschool Classroom.” Early Childhood Education Journal 37, no. 4 (2010): 269–77.
Journal Article with More than Two Authors
1. Kate D. L. Umbers, Matthew R. E. Symonds, and Hanna Kokko, “The Mothematics of Female Pheromone Signaling: Strategies for Aging Virgins,” American Naturalist 185, no. 3 (March 2015): 422. [This example taken from CMS 14.76, example #3.]
Journal Article Online
1. Frank P. Whitney, “The Six-Year High School in Cleveland,” School Review 37, no. 4 (April 1929): 268, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1078814. [This example taken from CMS 14.175.]
Note: In Cultivate style, we do not include DOI numbers for online journal articles. Also, we do not use “Retrieved from…” or “Available from…” when giving web links.