14 Long COVID Prevention
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Learning Objectives
- Evaluate evidence-based strategies for preventing Long COVID, including vaccination, antiviral therapy, metformin, pre-exposure prophylaxis, and public health interventions.
- Explain how the timing of preventive interventions influences their effectiveness in reducing the risk of Long COVID.
- Identify patient characteristics associated with increased or decreased risk of Long COVID and apply these factors to individualized prevention strategies.
Video Module: Long COVID Prevention
Faculty:
- Hector Bonilla, MD – Professor of Medicine (Infectious Diseases) at Stanford University School of Medicine
- Anita Chopra, MD – Internal Medicine at University of Washington
Students:
- Carissa Lee – University of Washington School of Medicine
Additional Resources & Further Reading
- AAPM&R Guidelines: Cheng AL, Herman E, Abramoff B, et al. Multidisciplinary collaborative guidance on the assessment and treatment of patients with Long COVID: A compendium statement. PM&R. 2025; 17(6): 684-708. doi:10.1002/pmrj.13397
- Greenhalgh T, Sivan M, Perlowski A, Nikolich JŽ. Long COVID: a clinical update. Lancet. 2024 Aug 17;404(10453):707-724. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(24)01136-X. Epub 2024 Jul 31. PMID: 39096925.
- Sun G, Lin K, Ai J, Zhang W. The efficacy of antivirals, corticosteroids, and monoclonal antibodies as acute COVID-19 treatments in reducing the incidence of long COVID: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2024 Dec;30(12):1505-1513. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2024.07.006. Epub 2024 Jul 14. PMID: 39002665.
- Bramante CT, Buse JB, Liebovitz DM, Nicklas JM, Puskarich MA, Cohen K, Belani HK, Anderson BJ, Huling JD, Tignanelli CJ, Thompson JL, Pullen M, Wirtz EL, Siegel LK, Proper JL, Odde DJ, Klatt NR, Sherwood NE, Lindberg SM, Karger AB, Beckman KB, Erickson SM, Fenno SL, Hartman KM, Rose MR, Mehta T, Patel B, Griffiths G, Bhat NS, Murray TA, Boulware DR; COVID-OUT Study Team. Outpatient treatment of COVID-19 and incidence of post-COVID-19 condition over 10 months (COVID-OUT): a multicentre, randomised, quadruple-blind, parallel-group, phase 3 trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2023 Oct;23(10):1119-1129. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(23)00299-2. Epub 2023 Jun 8. Erratum in: Lancet Infect Dis. 2023 Oct;23(10):e400. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(23)00562-5. PMID: 37302406; PMCID: PMC11259948.
- Hayden FG, Shinkai M, Clark TW, Luetkemeyer AF, Sax PE, Hanage WP, Gebo KA, Ikematsu H, Izumikawa K, Fukushi A, Kezbor S, Sakaguchi H, Lacey S, Ichihashi G, Ohmagari N, Uehara T; SCORPIO-PEP Study Team. Ensitrelvir for Covid-19 Postexposure Prophylaxis in Household Contacts. N Engl J Med. 2026 May 14;394(19):1905-1915. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2509306. PMID: 42127390.
Self-Assessment
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