References

Annotated Bibliography

1. United States, Congress, author unknown. “EPA.” EPA, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 27 Dec. 2017. www.epa.gov/pollinator-protection/colony-collapse-disorder.
   • This source provides a solid background about CCD and included what is being done to help against CCD.  There are statistics help convey the message that honey bees rely on their worker bees in order to survive.  Because of CCD, hives and begin to die out and without sufficient worker bees will could potentially collapse collapse.  However, it is important to remember that dead honey bees don’t necessarily mean CCD.  These bee deaths are usually caused by acute paralysis.
   • This source can be used for quotes and can give the definition of CCD in order to have an actual explanation.  CCD will be defined as according to the EPA.
   • Note: this sources is credible, and could be used as an introduction to what CCD is
2. United States, Congress, Author unknown. “EPA.” EPA, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 27 Dec. 2017. www.epa.gov/pollinator-protection/colony-collapse-disorder#discovering%20a%20problem.
   • The declining honey bee population is huge area of concern for many beekeepers.  Statistics over the years due a rapid decline.  CCD has a negative effect on both honey bees and humans.  Currently, Obama’s Pollinator Task Force is still present and the EPA has a link to its current strategy.
   • This source can be used to provide myself with background information.  In addition, this source can be used to check the American government’s progress with the Pollinator Task Force.
   • This source is credible and shows the connection between CCD and bees.
3. author unknown. “Has the US Honey Production Lost Its Buzz?” Gro Intelligence, Gro Intelligence, 11 Nov. 2016, gro-intelligence.com/insights/us-honey-production.
   • There are many data graphics about the production of honey related to CCD and the international economy.  Gro Intelligence concludes that CCD is the main culprit behind the dwindled US honey production since honey production dropped the most the decade CCD was discovered.  However, there is a message of hope.  The US honey production is slowly regaining its momentum.  Even though it will take awhile before the US achieves significant increases, the outlook for bees is not as bleak.
   • CCD does correlate to honey production.  Data collected shows that honey production was especially low the decade that CCD was discovered.  Then, this brings up the question of what causes CCD?  The question would lead into a paragraph explaining what are some of the suspected causes of CCD are.
   • Note: credible article that cites a lot of sources.  However, there is no author stated.
4. author unknown. “Artificial Honey.” Scientific American, Nature America, Inc., date unknown, www.scientificamerican.com/article/artificial-honey/.
   • This article views artificial honey as a benefit as the taste of artificial honey can be adjusted according to the taste preferred by humans.  honey bees produce natural honey which is not always as sweet as humans would like.  Especially with lowered productions of natural honey, artificial honey is helpful and can help prolong the supply of natural honey in the industry.
   • This article mainly focuses on the positive and beneficial aspects of artificial honey which is helpful in helping the readers understand a few ways artificial honey benefits the economy a little more than natural honey does.
   • Note: this article is questionably credible.  It cities a real professor, but the author and date of publication is unknown.
5. Schneider, Andrew. “Test Shows Most Store Honey Isn’t Honey.” Food Safety Network, Marler Clark, 7 Nov. 2011, www.foodsafetynews.com/2011/11/tests-show-most-store-honey-isnt-honey/.
   • According to FSN, the honey in supermarkets are ‘fake’ because they don’t contain pollen.  Supposedly, real honey contains pollen which comes from the fact that raw honey contains a lot of pollen, which bees collect along with the nectar they turn into honey.  The author says that the honey in supermarkets are actually a Chinese scam to illegally sneak fake honey into the US.
   • I have many issues with this article.  The quotes from this article should show how ridiculous its ideas are.  Fortunately, the NPR article later on will be evidence and a voice to attack this absurd article.
   • Note: this article seems credible but has questionable content which will be analyzed for controversy.  The controversy being whether or not artificial honey is beneficial to humans.
6. Michaelis, Kristen. “Your Honey Isn’t Honey.” Food Renegade, Food Renegade, date unknown, www.foodrenegade.com/your-honey-isnt-honey/.
   • Following the skepticism of FSN, Food Renegade essentially repeats what FSN wrote.
   • Since the article is essentially the same, find a good quote for FSN-5, and then find a similar wording of that quote in Food Renegade’s article
   • Note: source is as credible as the FSN article.
7. Charles, Dan. “Relax, Folks. It Really Is Honey After All.” NPR, National Public Radio, 25 Nov. 2011, 8:00 AM ET, www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2011/11/25/142659547/relax-folks-it-really-is-honey-after-all.
   • There has been much controversy between artificial honey and natural honey.  Many online publications and bloggers wrote about the deceit of artificial honey and how “most honey isn’t really honey” due to the idea that honey is processed beyond recognition.  Nonetheless, the liquid that sits on the shelves of supermarkets is still identified as honey by many people.
   • Artificial honey is a substitute for natural honey.  Although there are people who argue that artificial honey is not as “healthy” or “safe” as natural honey, science begs to differ.  There is a variety of honey in supermarkets, but none of them contain pollen due to regulations and policies.  Still, shoppers would call it “honey.”  It doesn’t matter where the honey comes from because, in the end, it is honey for consumers.  It is a solution to increase the production of honey for humans.
   • Note: this is credible, and gives insight to another article who hates on artificial honey.
8. Benjamin, Alison. “Why Are Bees Important? You Asked Google – Here’s the Answer.” The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 17 June 2015, 3:00 AM EDT, www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jun/17/why-are-bees-important.
   • honey bees are incredibly essential to humans.  Humans depend on honey bees in order to live a decent life, and humanity has taken advantage of them.  honey bees provide services like pollination and make products like honey.  With CCD ravaging the honey bee population, humanity should be the first ones to be active in trying to fight with the bees and change their harmful ways (crop monoculture and pesticide).
   • This article offers some interesting facts and data which can be used to further emphasize the importance of honey bees.  honey bees have been there for humankind since ancient times, and until this day, honey bees continue to pollinate and produce honey while humans continue to use their services and goods for the economical advantage.  Not only do honey bees make life easier, they make it more sweet and enjoyable.
   • Note: source is credible and is from a newspaper with good reputation.
9. Author unknown. “Colony Collapse Disorder/Honey Bee Decline FAQ’s.” Pennsylvania State University.
   • In this FAQ, Penn State addressed main topics of CCD and gave recommendations to beekeepers on how to maintain their bees.
   • This article can be used to facilitate some on my claims.
   • Note: source is reliable because these answers match the answers from other websites and make sense.
10. Donaldson-Matasci , Matina. “honey beesand Monoculture: Nothing to Dance About.”Scientific American, Nature America, Inc., 7 June 2013, blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/honey-bees-and-monoculture-nothing-to-dance-about/.
    • Another article from Scientific American talks about CCD.  This time the article focuses on the honey bee waggle-dance.  Thee waggle-dance allows honey bee to communicate where a patch of great tasting flowers can be located.  However, living in a crop monoculture would cause this waggle-dance to became useless.
    • This can be used to appeal to the audience’s feelings by relating the ability to communicate meaning.  Monocultures of one crop are good for business but bad for the environment.
    • Note: source is credible and seems to present much personal insight on the topic of crop monoculture.
11. Weitzman, Martin L. “Economic Profitability Versus Ecological Entropy.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 115, no. 1, 2000, pp. 237–263., doi:10.1162/003355300554728.
    • Economist Martin L. Weitzman wrote a journal article discussing the economical risks and environmental harm of planting a monoculture.  It’s nice to see people spreading awareness of honey bees showing that they are grateful for them.  Because crop monocultures are such a high risk to plant, farmer use pesticide.
    • Using a quote from his journal article could provide an economical insight to monocultures while also helping to create a smooth transition to the next paragraph where we’ll be talking about pesticides.
    • Note: this source is incredibly reliable but may require a lot of explaining.
12. MacKenzie, Debora. “Neconicotinoid Pesticide Found in Honey from Every Continent.” New Scientist, New Scientist Ltd., 5 Oct. 2017, www.newscientist.com/article/2149597-neonicotinoid-pesticides-found-in-honey-from-every-continent/.
    • CCD is an exclusive to the US or Europe.  It is a global issue and requires everyone’s attention.  Some countries may not be losing honey bees colonies as much as the US, but CCD is still seen as a huge issue.
    • By showing that neonicotinoids have been found in honey from all over the world (except Antarctica), there is a sense of urgency to preserve not only the health of honey bees but also the health of humans.  The effects of CCD may be starting to take its toll on humans.  When the issue begins to affect human health, then the problem is more emphasized and is more likely to be remembered by the audience.  If you don’t do anything, the multiple, interacting causes of CCD shall prevail.
    • Note: source is credible but quotes are long
13. Taylor, Ashley P. “Field Studies Confirm Neonicotinoids’ Harm to Bees.” The Scientist, The Scientist, 29 June 2017, www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/49768/title/Field-Studies-Confirm-Neonicotinoids–Harm-to-Bees/.
    • Two large studies in real-world conditions confirm the harmful effects of neonicotinoids to bees.  These researchers have found that neonic is water soluble and can contaminate plants surrounding the already sprayed/coated plant.  As of 2013, the EU has banned neonic on flowering plants.
    • One possible way to present the quote is to compare neonic to a silent, but deadly epidemic.  I sounds more relatable and causes a larger sense of urgency.
    • Note: source is credible and has enough for proper citation.  Remember to introduce the people before citing them.  Quotes may be long.
14. Author unknown. “Chemical and Non-Chemical Alternatives to Neonicotinoids.” Pesticide Action Network.
    • The Pesticide Action Network created a chart of chemical and non-chemical alternatives for neonic depending on the plant and type of neonics used.
    • First, explain what the chart and what potential it has to saving our bees.  Then, provide an example from the chart of a chemical alternative to neonic.  The natural alternatives will be separate from this.
    • Note: this source is credible but doesn’t have an author or date
15. Neiman, Rachael. “Israelis Discover Cure for Bee Colony Collapse-Associated Virus.”ISRAEL21c, ISRAEL21c, 22 Sept. 2008, 10:05 AM, www.israel21c.org/israelis-discover-cure-for-bee-colony-collapse-associated-virus/.
    • There are plans for genetically modified honey bees.  One such company who is planning on genetically modifying them is Beeologics.  They believe that IAPV virus is a major cause of enough.
    • Rembee is an important topic of a lot of controversy.  At this point, there are more ethical issues than scientific issues.  Remebee has had successful trials, but people are mainly concerned with the long term effects it has on the honey bee population and if tampering with nature like, would cause ecological imbalance and result in a catastrophe.
    • Note: this source is credible but quotes are long.  Remember to clarify what Remebee is before moving onto the controversy of the whole thing.
16. Henein, Maryam. “Genetically Modified Organisms And Bees.” HoneyColony, HoneyColony, Inc., 24 June 2013, www.honeycolony.com/article/what-is-monsanto-doing-to-our-bees/.
    • HoneyColony walks through the basics of Beeologics and Remebee.  However, its primary point is about Monsanto buying Beeologics.  After causing a stir among the public, people question Monsanto’s intentions with Beeologics, especially with Monsanto’s unfavorable reputation.
    • This article primarily walks through what Remebee is.  Out of most articles, HoneyColony provided me with an easily understandable and not too sciency explanation.
    • Note: source is credible and has all the necessary components for citation.  Founder of HoneyColony wrote this article.
17. Kaczynski, Theodore John. The Unabomber Manifesto: Industrial Society and Its Future. Internet Archive.
    • Before he was locked away, Ted Kaczynski wrote a manifesto titled The Industrial Society and Its Future.  The book was a rant about how humans had become enslaved to technological advancements furthered by humans themselves.
    • Using the first line of the entire manifesto, I could further it by saying that the industrial revolution has consequences that extend beyond the human race.  Now, the honey bee race is affected by the industries of pesticides and monocultures.  However, it is also through the industrial revolution that humans are able to create chemical alternatives in order to right their wrong and aim for redemption.
    • Note: this source is arguably credible.  Some might say that the word of a serial killer should be taken with more than a grain of salt.  The publisher is not so credible as it uses software to transcribe the book onto the internet allowing room for many errors.  Although the source is credible, it really depends on the interpretation of the source and whether or not others agree.
18. United States, Congress, Office of the Press Secretary, and Barack Obama. “Presidential Memorandum — Creating a Federal Strategy to Promote the Health of Honey Bees and Other Pollinators.” Presidential Memorandum — Creating a Federal Strategy to Promote the Health of Honey Bees and Other Pollinators, Barack Obama, 2014.
    • The purpose of the Pollinator Task Force is to create a federal strategy to promote the health of honey bees and other pollinators.  Everything else in the document is just the basic laws which hold the Task Force together.
    • Obama’s Pollinator Task Force can be used as an example that the government does care about CCD too and has taken action to help honey bees in their fight for survival.
    • Note: source is credible.  Remember to check what kind of citation is used for a presidential memorandum.